Linus Torvalds

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0 height="100%"><tr> <td valign="top" width=200 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000" background="37ad4c03.jpg"> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" width="100%" BGCOLOR="#000000" TEXT="#F7F7FF"> <div> <A HREF="top_programmers.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Programmers"><B>Programmers</B></A><B> </B><B> </B><B> </B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFF00" FACE="Arial" ><B>  </B><B> |     </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE=" "><B>home</B></A></FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="bill_gates.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Bill Gates"><B>Bill Gates</B></A><B>   |   </B><A HREF="id75.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="John Carmack"><B>John Carmack</B></A><B>   |   </B><B>Linus Torvalds</B><B>   |   </B><A HREF="tim_berners_lee_.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Tim BernersLee "><B>Tim Berners-Lee </B></A><B>   |   </B><A HREF="bram_cohen.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Bram Cohen"><B>Bram Cohen</B></A><B>   |   </B><A HREF="id80.htm" 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<tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 342 ><NOBR><div> <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linus_Torvalds.jpeg" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linus_"><IMG SRC="22e2c410.jpg" border=0 width="300" height="321" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></A></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 34 WIDTH="121"><div> <B>Born</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> December 28, 1969  (age 39)</div> <div> <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"><U>Helsinki</U></A>,  <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"><U>Finland</U></A></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 17 WIDTH="121"><div> <B>Residence</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="227"><div> <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_O"><U>Portland, Oregon</U></A></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 17 WIDTH="121"><div> <B>Nationality</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="227"><div> <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_people" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_peo"><U>Finnish</U></A></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 17 WIDTH="121"><div> <B>Occupation</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="227"><div> <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineer" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_en"><U>Software engineer</U></A></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 17 WIDTH="121"><div> <B>Employer</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="227"><div> <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Foundation" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Found"><U>Linux Foundation</U></A></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 17 WIDTH="121"><div> <B>Known for</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="227"><div> <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kerne"><U>Linux kernel</U></A>, <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software)" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(softwa"><U>Git</U></A></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 17 WIDTH="121"><div> <B>Spouse(s)</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="227"><div> Tove Torvalds</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 34 WIDTH="121"><div> <B>Parents</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Torvalds" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Torval"><U>Nils Torvalds</U></A> (father)</div> <div> Anna Torvalds (mother)<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds#cite_note-linuxonlinebio-1#cite_note-linuxonlinebio-1" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torva"><U>[2]</U></A></FONT></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 17 WIDTH="121"><div> <B>Relatives</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Torvalds" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Torvald"><U>Ole Torvalds</U></A> (grandfather)</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 34 WIDTH="351"><div> <B>Website</B></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/torvalds/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/torvalds/"><U>www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/torvalds/</U></A></div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> Linus Benedict Torvalds (Swedish pronunciation:  born December 28, 1969 in <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki">Helsinki</A>, <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland">Finland</A>) is a <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish-speaking_Finns" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish-spe">Finland-Swedish</A> <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_en">software engineer</A> best known for having initiated the development of the <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kerne">Linux kernel</A>. He later became the chief architect of the Linux kernel, and now acts as the project's coordinator.</div> <bR> <div> Biography</div> <div> Early years</div> <bR> <div> Linus Torvalds was born in Helsinki, Finland, the son of journalists Anna and <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Torvalds" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Torval">Nils Torvalds</A>,  and the grandson of poet <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Torvalds" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Torvald">Ole Torvalds</A>. His family belongs to the <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish-speaking_Finns" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish-spe">Swedish</A>-speaking minority (5.5%) of Finland's population. Torvalds was named after <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauli">Linus Pauling</A>, the American <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize">Nobel Prize</A>-winning chemist, although in the book Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution, Torvalds is quoted as saying, "I think I was named equally for <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_van_Pelt" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_van_P">Linus</A> the <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts">Peanuts</A> cartoon character," noting that this makes him half "Nobel-prize-winning chemist" and half "blanket-carrying cartoon character".Both of his parents were campus radicals at the <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_">University of Helsinki</A> in the 1960s.</div> <div> Torvalds attended the <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_">University of Helsinki</A> from 1988 to 1996, graduating with a master's degree in <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sc">computer science</A>. His M.Sc. thesis was titled <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux">Linux</A>: A Portable Operating System. His academic career was interrupted after completing his first year of study when he joined the <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Army" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Arm">Finnish Army</A>, selecting the 11-month officer training program, thus fulfilling the mandatory military service of Finland. In the army he held the rank of second lieutenant, with the role of fire controller, calculating positions of guns, targets, and trajectories, finally telling the guns where to shoot. In 1990, he resumed his university studies, and was exposed to <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX">UNIX</A> for the first time, in the form of a <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equ">DEC</A> <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroVAX" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroVAX">MicroVAX</A> running <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULTRIX" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULTRIX">ULTRIX</A>. </div> <div> His interest in computers began with a <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_VIC-20" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_V">Commodore VIC-20</A>After the VIC-20 he purchased a <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_QL" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_QL">Sinclair QL</A> which he modified extensively, especially its operating system. He programmed an <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_la">assembly language</A> and a <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editor" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editor">text editor</A> for the QL, as well as a few games. He is known to have written a <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-Man" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-Man">Pac-Man</A> clone named Cool Man. On <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2">January 2</A>, <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991">1991</A> he purchased an <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80386" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80386">Intel 80386</A>-based <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC">IBM PC</A> and spent a month playing the game <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Persia" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_P">Prince of Persia</A> before receiving his <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX">MINIX</A> copy which in turn enabled him to begin his work on Linux. </div> <bR> <div>  Later years</div> <bR> <div> Linus Torvalds is married to Tove Torvalds (<A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e">née</A> Monni) - a six-time Finnish national <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate">karate</A> champion - whom he first met in the autumn of 1993. Torvalds was running introductory computer laboratory exercises for students and instructed the course attendants to send him an <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail">e-mail</A> as a test, to which Tove responded with an e-mail asking for a date. Tove and Linus were later married and have three daughters, Patricia, Daniela, and Celeste. </div> <div> After a visit to <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmeta" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmeta">Transmeta</A> in late 1996, he accepted a position at the company in California, where he would work from February 1997 through June 2003. He then moved to the <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Development_Labs" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source">Open Source Development Labs</A>, which has since merged with the <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Standards_Group" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Standa">Free Standards Group</A> to become the <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Foundation" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Found">Linux Foundation</A>, under whose auspices he continues to work. In June 2004, Torvalds and his family moved to <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_O">Portland, Oregon</A> to be closer to the OSDL's <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverton,_Oregon" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverton,_">Beaverton, Oregon</A>-based headquarters.</div> <div> From 1997 to 1999 he was involved in <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format#86open" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_">86open</A> helping to choose the standard binary format for Linux and <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix">Unix</A>.</div> <div> <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat">Red Hat</A> and <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VA_Linux" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VA_Linux">VA Linux</A>, both leading developers of Linux-based software, presented Torvalds with <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_option" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_optio">stock options</A> in gratitude for his creation. In 1999, both companies <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_pub">went public</A> and Torvalds' <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_worth" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_worth">net worth</A> shot up to roughly $20 million. </div> <div> His personal mascot is a <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin">penguin</A> nicknamed <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tux" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tux">Tux</A>, which has been widely adopted by the Linux community as the mascot of the Linux kernel.</div> <div> Although Torvalds believes that "<A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source">open source</A> is the only right way to do software", he also has said that he uses the "best tool for the job", even if that includes <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary">proprietary software</A>. He has been criticized for his use and alleged advocacy of the proprietary <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitKeeper" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitKeeper">BitKeeper</A> software for version control in the Linux kernel. However, Torvalds has since written a free-software replacement for BitKeeper called <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software)" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(softwa">Git</A>. Torvalds has commented on official <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME">GNOME</A> developmental mailing lists that, in terms of <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_env">desktop environments</A>, he encourages users to switch to <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE">KDE</A>. However, Torvalds thought <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE4" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE4">KDE 4.0</A> was a "disaster" because of its lack of maturity, so he switched temporarily to <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME">GNOME</A></div> <div> The Linus/Linux connection</div> <div> Main article: <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_">History of Linux</A></div> <div> Initially Torvalds wanted to call the kernel he developed Freax (a combination of "free", "freak", and the letter X to indicate that it is a Unix-like system), but his friend <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Lemmke" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Lemmke">Ari Lemmke</A>, who administered the <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transf">FTP</A> <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(com">server</A> where the kernel was first hosted for downloading, named Torvalds' directory linux.</div> <div> Authority on Linux</div> <bR> <div> About 2% of the Linux kernel as of 2006 was written by Torvalds himself. Since Linux has had thousands of contributors, such a percentage represents a significant personal contribution to the overall amount of code. Torvalds remains the ultimate authority on what new code is incorporated into the standard Linux kernel. </div> <div> Linux trademark</div> <div> Torvalds owns the "Linux" <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark">trademark</A>, and monitors use of it chiefly through the <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Mark_Institute" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Mark_">Linux Mark Institute</A>.</div> <bR> <div> Recognition</div> <bR> <div> In 1996 Asteroid <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9793_Torvalds" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9793_Torval">9793 Torvalds</A> was named after Linus Torvalds. </div> <div> In 1998 he received an <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_">EFF</A> <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFF_Pioneer_Award" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFF_Pioneer">Pioneer Award</A>. </div> <div> In 1999 he received honorary doctor status at <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_University" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_U">Stockholm University</A>. </div> <div> The 1999 novel <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptonomicon" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptonomic">Cryptonomicon</A> by <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Stephe">Neal Stephenson</A> features several characters who use "Finux", a Unix-like operating system developed in Finland. </div> <div> In 2000 he received honorary doctor status at <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_">University of Helsinki</A>. </div> <div> In 2000 he was awarded the <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovelace_Medal" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovelace_Me">Lovelace Medal</A>. </div> <div> In the <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magaz">Time</A> magazine's <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_the_Century" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_t">Person of the Century</A> Poll, Torvalds was voted at #17 at the poll's close in 2000. </div> <div> In 2001, he shared the <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_Award" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_Awar">Takeda Award</A> for Social/Economic Well-Being with <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sta">Richard Stallman</A> and <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Sakamura" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Sakamur">Ken Sakamura</A>. </div> <div> In 2004, he was named one of the most influential people in the world by the <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magaz">Time</A> magazine article <A HREF="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,994026,00.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/articl">"Linus Torvalds: The Free-Software Champion"</A> by <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Le">Lawrence Lessig</A>, Time Magazine, posted Monday, Apr. 26, 2004, retrieved October 3, 2006. </div> <div> In the search for the <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suuret_Suomalaiset" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suuret_Suom">100 Greatest Finns</A> of all time, voted in the summer of 2004, Torvalds placed 16th. </div> <div> In 2005 he appeared as one of "the best managers" in a survey by <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusinessWeek" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusinessWee">BusinessWeek</A>. </div> <div> In August 2005, Torvalds received the <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Vollum" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Voll">Vollum Award</A> from <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_College" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Colleg">Reed College</A>. </div> <div> In 2006, <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_2.0" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_2.">Business 2.0</A> magazine named him one of "10 people who don't matter" because the growth of Linux has shrunk Torvalds' individual impact. </div> <div> In 2006, <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magaz">Time</A> Magazine-Europe Edition named him one of the revolutionary heroes of the past 60 years. </div> <div> In 2008, he was inducted into the Hall of Fellows of the <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Hi">Computer History Museum</A> in <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Vi">Mountain View, California</A>. </div> <bR> <div> Notes</div> <bR> <div> McMillan, Robert (December 2002). "<A HREF="http://web.archive.org/web/20030304160629/http:/www.linux-mag.com/2002-12/linus_01.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://web.archive.org/web/2003030416062">The Great Dictator · Linus Torvalds: The Benevolent, Brilliant Keeper of the Kernel</A>". FEATURES (<A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Magazine" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Magaz">Linux Magazine</A>). Archived from <A HREF="http://www.linux-mag.com/2002-12/linus_01.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.linux-mag.com/2002-12/linus_0">the original</A> on 2003-03-04. <A HREF="http://web.archive.org/web/20030304160629/http:/www.linux-mag.com/2002-12/linus_01.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://web.archive.org/web/2003030416062">http://web.archive.org/web/20030304160629/http://www.linux-mag.com/2002-12/linus_01.html</A>. Retrieved on 2009-06-09. </div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.linux.org/info/linus.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.linux.org/info/linus.html">Linux Online - Linus Torvalds Bio</A> </div> <div> TORVALDS, 2001 </div> <div> Moody, Glyn (2002). <A HREF="http://www.perseusbooksgroup.com/perseus/book_detail_redirect.do?imprintCid=BA&isbn=0738206709" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.perseusbooksgroup.com/perseus">Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution</A>. Perseus Books Group. pp. 336. <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0738206709" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Boo">ISBN 0738206709</A>. <A HREF="http://www.perseusbooksgroup.com/perseus/book_detail_redirect.do?imprintCid=BA&isbn=0738206709" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.perseusbooksgroup.com/perseus">http://www.perseusbooksgroup.com/perseus/book_detail_redirect.do?imprintCid=BA&isbn=0738206709</A>. </div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>